Thomas Hobbes Essay

The way of thinking of Thomas Hobbes, particularly that of his significant work, Leviathan, is intended to comprehend the intentions of human instinct and, from these, look for the surest method to common harmony. This is probably the most punctual case of a â€Å"scientific† strategy for understanding political theory in that the district was to be based on a bunch of sayings, all getting from what Hobbes thought about realities of human instinct (cf. Matthews, 118). The idea of these maxims prompting common harmony is the reason for this current paper. The essential comprehension of human instinct that, whenever applied appropriately, would prompt social harmony is that individuals want power. This is about indistinguishable from Machiavelli’s way to deal with governmental issues. It appears that in both Hobbes and Machiavelli, people want power, and subsequently, create â€Å"moral† frameworks that legitimize the current holding or looking for of intensity (Morgan, 528-530, and 581-582). In any case, the idea of this saying is that individuals are normally modified to look for power and regardless of good suasion will stop this. Hobbes needs to start from a solitary idea and expand upon it as opposed to endeavor to stifle it, since any endeavor at concealment itself demonstrates the maxim right. On the off chance that human instinct is paid attention to instead of secured over with otherworldly speculations, at that point harmony may be the subsequent: individuals must be taken as they may be, not as one may need them to be. On the off chance that the above aphorism is valid, that is, individuals want power, than numerous different sayings follow from it. The main saying that follows from the first is that reason is a captive to the interests (Morgan, 641). Reason, at the end of the day, can't give closes, however only methods, and fundamentally, supports sometime later. Speaking to reason is subsequently, not suitable with such a perspective on humankind, and just the intrigue to enthusiasm will work here. Energy is nothing that can be stifled, however it very well may be controlled. Enthusiasm is the motor of human instinct from a comparable perspective that hunks of issue in a vacuum will proceed in consistent morion except if followed up on by another power. This is a careful corresponding to Hobbes here, and the main restricting power to enthusiastic human movement is other individuals, and subsequently, the issue: people are continually, following from this, in a condition of war. What makes this condition of war especially brutal is that the capacities of people as people, or arranging into gatherings, are generally equivalent (Morgan, 591). This implies the war of all against all will proceed continually, with no unmistakable victor. Any â€Å"winner† will be just a transitory victor, and will before long be deposed by another group. The reality of fairness isn't something here taken from perception, yet from a conclusion from â€Å"atomic† hypothesis (or possibly, the speculations of issue current at that point), where particles, in their essential structure, are no different. Matter will be matter, vitality is vitality, people are people. From the abovementioned, it follows that individuals are resolved. Unrestrained choice, to a degree, is dismissed in Hobbes. For him, freedom is the capacity to do what one wills without outside restriction (Morgan, 621). This is reliable with determinism in that the will must have an explanation, that is, a reason, for having the craving it has and carrying it to fulfillment. Henceforth, man is resolved, however since he does what he needs, he is accordingly free. This fair underscores the way that reason is feeble to being about harmony, just the interests can be spoke to in that the consistent conflicting of wills and the disappointment of one’s opportunity as Hobbes portrays it is steady fighting. From the abovementioned, Hobbes finds that mankind is egocentric, power ravenous and stiff-necked, and accordingly, without some countervailing power, is in a steady condition of fighting. The idea of this countervailing power is the genuine focal point of the Leviathan. The general point is that if humankind can be decreased to a couple, straightforward, clear adages that follow legitimately from each other, as any great logical hypothesis ought to do, at that point the express, the countervailing power that keeps these human â€Å"atoms† in line comparative with each other, ought to likewise be basic, bound together and follow sensibly from the aphorisms about human instinct. Henceforth, Hobbes is trying to be totally logical and a â€Å"realist† about both humankind and the express that they will live under so as to arrive settled. Now in the legitimate movement, it appears to be difficult to live in a condition of harmony. Individuals are portrayed as vulgar, egocentric and equivalent creatures continually in a condition of movement and henceforth, conflicting with every single others, basically hunks of issue moving, associated with a practically self-assertive motor of energy. In any case, the Leviathan will bring this harmony, and it is energy that it will use to legitimize itself and carry harmony to the ward. Hobbes portrays mankind before all law and custom, that is, the â€Å"law of nature. † The essential thought process power of humankind is power, considered for the most part. Be that as it may, in the event that fighting is a consistent component of the â€Å"state of nature,†, at that point the drive for power for each and everything is continually being baffled. It appears to be sensible to hold that in the long run, these egocentric individuals will continually observe their structures obstructed and their motivations continually hurt y others. From this, each one of those that look for power, that is, everybody, will be compelled to go to some understanding, a â€Å"covenant† among themselves that will give a proportion of harmony so the force battle can proceed in increasingly serene channels. This is the idea of the pledge (Morgan, 594). This understanding comes not about through explanation, however through the steady dissatisfaction of enthusiasm. Reason is a necessary chore, and force is consistently that end. Yet, power can't be had in the condition of nature given its continually moving nature, and consequently, reason at that point goes about as a captive to enthusiasm and requests an understanding, an agreement that will bring harmony. The idea of this contract must follow from the realities of human instinct laid out above. Thus, it can't generally be a parliamentary majority rules system since that only leaves the condition of nature flawless, one group continually unseating another, prompting a similar disarray as in the past. The sort of express that is settled upon is fundamentally a fascism of a gathering that must demonstration similarly among people and groups inside the general public. All force is subsequently moved to the express, the fascism, and consequently, this force is utilized to shield the warring groups from wrecking one another. The main genuine interest laid on the state is that of objectivity in deciding among the groups, and thus, the state should eventually be a government (of sorts), equidistant from all focuses of intensity in the public eye and henceforth, ready to decide among them decently (Morgan, 613). Putting this in an unexpected way, in the event that force is the longing everything being equal and groups, at that point it follows that the state exists exclusively for security (Morgan, 606). On the off chance that mankind is depicted in proverbial terms all tailing one from another, and the state is itself part of this intelligent movement, at that point it additionally follows that the idea of the state’s activity likewise should follow from the abovementioned. This implies the state is unitary, committed to one reason and dependent on a standard of law that is basic and devoted completely to security and, as indicated by the agreement, regards all people and groups as ethically equivalent to each other (Morgan, 641). The sensible structure of the Leviathan boils down to working out inconsistencies in the aphoristic portrayal of people. On the off chance that people want power and can't get it in the condition of nature, at that point an amazing state must be crated that grants mankind to live and look for after force through quiet methods. However, since no group will allow one gathering to manage to the detriment of all others, the state must be single, centered and put together around a concurred with respect to set of laws (a â€Å"constitution†) that cherishes this idea of political fairness. At exactly that point can all groups consent to surrender their fierce approaches to the focal position. Since people are egocentric and energetic, the state dependent on the standard of law consented to by all groups heretofore follows intelligently. The terms â€Å"peace† and â€Å"justice† are utilized here in profoundly specialized and logical manners that part drastically with past endeavors to characterize and legitimize these words. Harmony, as per Hobbes, is simply the nonappearance of war (Morgan, 592). It just is a situation that grants power hungry people to seek after their plans in a serene way. Any break of this harmony will, in a perfect world, lead to quick and brutal activity from the express that they have engaged to oversee their activities. Equity is comparable in that it depends on information. The early pieces of the Leviathan depend on a logical strategy, a methods for coming to know human instinct as for the most part and essentially as could be expected under the circumstances. Equity just spills out of this. Eventually, equity gets from science, which is the information on great and insidiousness (Morgan, 603). By and by, this only implies people are pulled in by a similar arrangement of things, and backlash from a similar arrangement of things. On the off chance that power and what it infers are found in the previous, at that point the dissatisfaction of their freedom (as characterized above) is the thing that repulses them. This information alone permits one to see the premise and extreme equity of the state. Consequently, equity is characterized appropriately, as the capacity of the individual, or, finally, the state, to control the interests of the populace when they take steps to upset the shaky equalization of harmony in the province (Morgan, 599-600). In any case, this is comprehended by all who are rebuffed by the state in that they have consented to this on the premise that their own freedom is unendingly hindered by others in the condition of nature. Be that as it may, as a last idea, this is the very idea of one’s community dutyâ€to dispose of all private

Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management

Old style Management Style versus Scientific Management Signs and Symptoms of Incompetent Management joins the demonstration of driving and controlling a gathering of individuals with a goal of achieving aggregate objectives. For the most part, associations with great and viable administration frameworks accomplish wonderful results.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The degree of achievement of such associations typically relies upon the competency of their supervisors. Directors are indispensable parts of any association. They ought to be visionary and able in their undertakings so as to acknowledge astounding outcomes. This requires viable authority abilities (GIRIN, 2011). For instance, declining benefits inside an association (because of falling incomes and expanding costs) means management’s ineptitude. Workers fail to meet expectations under awkward administrations. Dismissing the workers’ inc linations, poor persuasive techniques, and absence of advancement are among different variables that employees’ execution. It is critical to comprehend these arrangements dependent on their practicality, materialness, and other significant systems. Decreased confidence and debilitated inspiration inside the workforce demonstrate a clumsy administration. Uncouth administrators are hesitant to utilize exceptionally qualified staff. It is essential to consider these arrangements while investigating attributes of uncouth administration. Ineffectual correspondence and poor criticism channels additionally depict directors with denied competency. Simultaneously, mystery, tattle, and denying truths are other indispensable indications of inadequacy (Jia,You, Du, 2012). Due to these, workers lose their trust in the administration. Carelessness is likewise an indication of the board ineptitude. Quite, such supervisors befuddle incidental authoritative accomplishment with their own vital radiance.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Incompetent chiefs are bound to place the whole associations into unsafe endeavors. Especially, these directors are bound to push representatives to impact dangerous endeavors. Deficient quality control may likewise be an indication of management’s inadequacy. Inadequate items, serious harms on merchandise, consistent help interferences, and high paces of customer objections are related with deficient quality control (GIRIN, 2011). These develop because of absence of representative inspiration and devotion to obligation. Poor customer administrations from representatives may likewise exude from the executives ineptitude. It is noticeable that few signs or side effects of bumbling administration stay obvious in many associations. The Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management Classical administration a lludes to the administration dependent on the conviction that laborers have monetary and physical requests. As per this administration style, workers’ social prerequisites and requests for work satisfaction is immaterial. This administration style hall for expanded work specialization, incorporated choice procedures, and benefit making. Being the most established administration methodology, traditional administration is explicitly intrigued by the expansion of productivity, both for the workers and the association (Jia, You, Du, 2012). Fundamentally, the style significantly manages the all inclusive operational rules while trying for money related effectiveness. It exemplifies logical, regulatory, and bureaucratic administration. Logical administration focuses on a specific and humble way of doing explicit employments. Logical administration relies upon the hypothesis that looks at work forms with a point of improving the general work profitability (GIRIN, 2011). It includes the hierarchical administration as indicated by the proficiency standards drawn from experimental examinations on the work just as creation methodologies.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More As potentiated by Taylor, logical administration proposes that goals, which are subject to fascism and convention, must be supplanted with brief procedures created from investigation of explicit circumstances. Along these lines, it tends to be noticed that old style the board is more harsh than logical administration (Paulus Yang, 2000). In logical administration, it is accepted that essential employments can be arranged enough to build efficiency. It is basic to comprehend these arrangements with regards to compelling administration. Remarkably, logical administration is amazingly powerful when considered in assorted settings. In contrast to old style the board, logical administration relies to a great extent upon the exact examination of circumstances. The qualification among logical and conduct speculations is obviously portrayed inside various associations. While logical hypothesis weights on the significance of experimental examination of the work forms, social speculations look at the real execution competency of pioneers (GIRIN, 2011). As indicated by social hypothesis, great administrators can be formed. There is a presumption that a viable authority relies upon a recognizable and learnable conduct. I have severally experienced social hypothesis over the span of my work. For example, by and by in my association, the ranking directors began learning in their different offices as students through apprenticeship. In this training, there is a reasonable portrayal that administration capabilities might be educated. This is not normal for the far reaching conviction that initiative capabilities are inherent.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More References GIRIN, J. (2011). Experimental Analysis of Management Situations: Elements of Theory and Method. European Management Review. 8: 197â€212. Jia, L., You, S. furthermore, Du, Y. (2012). Chinese Context and Theoretical Contributions to Management and Organization Research: A Three-decade Review. The board and Organization Review. 8: 173â€209. Paulus, P. furthermore, Yang, H. (2000). Thought Generation in Groups: A Basis for Creativity in Organizations. Authoritative Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 82:76â€87.

The View From the Other Side of Hell

The View From the Other Side of Hell Two days ago, Sophia 10 drove Kathy 10 and I to Cape Cod, where we spent a blissful afternoon walking around Provincetown. After a refreshing nap on the beach and on the drive back, I remarked, Its so nice not having any work normally if this was any other weekend during term, we would be worrying about how much stuff there is still to do tonight. I think its true. Five days ago, I was tucked away in a lounge on the third floor somewhere on MIT campus, frantically studying for my impending final on Thursday. I had not done anything fun since Saturday afternoon, when I hunkered down and started studying for my four finals this semester. Over the next five days, I put in 50+ hours of solid, sweat-n-tears work for my finals, left my dorm at 8:30 AM and returned at 3 AM daily, and generally had close to zero human interaction (with the exception of a really nice custodian that would always come by around 2 AM that I got to know pretty well for the next few days seriously!). I also had not blogged much this semester, and this term also broke the record for me in terms of not traveling to NYC at all. Thats saying a lot considering I probably spent upwards of several weeks over the last three years (I feel old :( ) being in NYC during term on weekends, longer weekends, and Thanksgiving/spring breaks. So what did I spend my time doing? Heres a snapshot :) Consider this my obligatory picture post, long overdue :P Every once in awhile, you come to MIT and you hear of kids here who take 8 or 9 classes in one term (one such friend I have hilariously showed me his registration schedule once and lamented that he had to be in four classrooms at once Monday and Wednesdays from 1-3. he requested a conflict exam in a class where the professor didnt offer conflict exams for any reason he explained to the bemused professor that he *really* had to take a conflict exam because he already had three exams at the same time from three classes that didnt offer conflict exams!) but I discovered from trial of fire that six classes is A LOT I took two science classes and four history classes. Now before you all engineering majors berate me [obligatory Kanye entrance] Yo engineering majors Im really happy for you and imma let you finish, but if you go through MIT pooh-poohing the humanities classes, you will have missed out on some of the best professors of all time. OF ALL TIME. But no, seriously all of my history classes were taught by crazily-awesome professors (including this character), which will be detailed in the entry where I explain why I declared a history major at MIT, so youll have to wait to hear that story. Suffice it to say that declaring a history major on top of biology is a tremendously good idea and one of best decisions I made here (despite writing six papers totaling 88 pages this semester! i feel like i need to go adopt a tree now). I did have also have four finals this semester, which was perhaps a little bit more intense than I anticipated (I rarely even had four in high school). But its all good the race had been run, and the good fight had been fought. Isnt that domo-rolly thing one of the most awesome things youve seen? HAHA. Made by the same Kathy as above in the extremely hyped toy design class at MIT 2.00b. See when Snively took it! (2008). By the way, the rolly-thing is not the final toy. Its the first project in the course designed for students to get to know the tools that theyll be working with later on, but I think its always pretty awesome to see what people come up with :) We (MIT Model UN) invited Prof. Noam Chomsky to come and speak for us in March! If you dont know who he is, google him right now. start here. Taiwanese represent. US CENSUS 2010. Went to Senior Ball! SO FUN. Senior Ball is basically the last big social event for seniors before they graduate, and I was fortunate enough to be invited to attend! :) Its a great night filled with pretty good food, and A LOT of dancing afterwards. The level of partying that happened this year has definitely jumped up a notch, especially this semester, haha. CAN I SHOW YOU SOME FOOD PICTURES? PLEASEEEE. (Im going to show them to you anyway, cuz this is my blog. haha) Bostons North End is famous for its Italian food this is a sample from a restaurant that we waited in the March cold for 1.5 hours before getting in. It was well worth the wait. My ex-roommates (Steve and Zach 11) love Applebees, so this is the obligatory Applebees picture. We really should take a picture of Bartleys Burgers too, I think weve been there 4 times just this one semester. haha. Have you ever seen a tofu bibimbap? I chanced upon this really cool discovery courtesy of my vegan friend. I thought a tofu bibimbap would essentially be a contradiction in terms, but I think its still amazing. :) Theres also this really amazing Cuban restaurant in Jamaica Plains, a suburb of Boston. I havent been there since frosh year, and I got to go again this semester. It was as good as I remembered it to be. CURRENT STUDENTS dont graduate without trying it! :) Finally, this (froyo! NOT ice cream!) makes me complete. You dont know how happy this makes me all the time. Other than the old favorites of Berryline in Harvard Square and the new arrival of Red Mango by Symphony Hall in Boston, the real secret is that the best froyo comes from this Korean dessert store in Allston. Poke me if you want to go. :P (by the way, strawberry+kiwi is the best froyo combo of all time. OF ALL TIME. strawberry+kiwi+mango tastes as good as it looks, but 3 toppings is usually not too economical :( le sigh) Staying on MIT campus after finals week has been interesting its so quiet now that all the students have left. Will be heading to NYC via Chinatown bus on Wednesday, and then flying out of JFK (thats one major airport in the US that I have yet to go to that and Atlanta) on Thursday morning. Home till mid-June, with a trip to Shanghai thrown in. Then back to NYC so excited for summer in the City! :) Perhaps this was my way for making up for not spending any time there at all this semester, haha. Many entries yet to come about this semester!

How to Conjugate the Verb Lavorare in Italian

Lavorare is a regular first-conjugation verb, with a typical -are verb ending pattern, that means to work and which gave English the terms labor, to labor and laborer. Depending on the context, the single word in Italian can translate to English synonyms such as to toil and to drudge. Much like in English, lavorare is used most often as an intransitive verb, though conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere in its compound tenses. Remember, that means that there is no direct object and usually the verb is followed by a preposition or even an adverb: lavorare duro (to work hard), lavorare tutta la notte (to work all night), lavorare per vivere (to work to live), lavorare da falegname (to work as a carpenter). When it is used transitively, followed by a direct object, is usually describes the act of working a material: lavorare la terra (to work the soil or the land, which also can be a way of saying that one is a farmer) or lavorare il legno (to work wood, also meaning to be a carpenter or a woodworker). In its pronominal/reflexive form—lavorarsi—the verb means to work over somebody, to wheedle or finagle: Beppe si à ¨ lavorato il suo amico bene bene. Beppe wheedled his friend well. In the conjugation tables below you will find lavorare in several of its most common constructions. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative A regular presente. Io lavoro Oggi lavoro a un articolo. Today I work/am working on an article. Tu lavori Tu lavori l'oro di carriera? Do you work/work with gold as a career? Lui/lei/Lei lavora Marco lavora da operaio perchà © non trova altro lavoro. Marco works as a laborer because he can't find other work. Noi lavoriamo Questa settimana lavoriamo a tempo pieno. This week we are working full time. Voi lavorate Voi lavorate in banca da quando vi conosco. You work/have worked at the bank since I've known you. Loro/Loro lavorano Nel cantiere lavorano tutti i giorni fino all'alba. In the shipyard they work till dawn every day. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Present Perfect Indicative The passato prossimo is made of the present of the auxiliary and the participio passato, which in the case of lavorare is lavorato. Io ho lavorato Oggi ho lavorato a un articolo tutto il giorno. Today I worked on an article all day. Tu hai lavorato Tutta la vita hai lavorato l'oro. All your life you worked gold/with gold. Lui/lei/Lei ha lavorato Marco ha lavorato sempre da operaio. Marco has always worked as a laborer. Noi abbiamo lavorato Questo mese abbiamo lavorato a tempio pieno. This month we worked full time. Voi avete lavorato Voi avete lavorato in banca a Siena tutta la carriera. You worked/have worked in the bank in Siena your whole carrier. Loro hanno lavorato Ieri al cantiere hanno lavorato fino all'alba. Yesterday at the shipyard they worked till dawn. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative A regular imperfetto. Io lavoravo Quando sei arrivata lavoravo a un articolo sulla moda. When you arrived I was working on an article about fashion. Tu lavoravi Quando ti ho conosciuto tu non lavoravi ancora l'oro. When I met you, you were not working gold/with gold yet. Lui/lei/Lei lavorava Marco lavorava da operaio quando si à ¨ fatto male. Marco was working as a laborer when he was injured. Noi lavoravamo Prima lavoravamo a tempo pieno; adesso lavoriamo a giornata. Before we used to work full time; now we are hired by the day. Voi lavoravate Prima di diventare insegnanti lavoravate in banca? Before becoming teachers you used to work at the bank? Loro/Loro lavoravano Anni fa nel cantiere lavoravano sempre fino all'alba; adesso chiudono presto. Years ago at the shipyard they used to work till dawn; now they close early. Indicativo Passato Remoto: Remote Past Indicative A regular passato remoto. Io lavorai Lavorai a vari articoli per molto tempo. I worked on various articles for a long time. Tu lavorasti Quell'anno lavorasti l'oro notte e giorno per finire gli anelli per la regina. That year you worked/worked with the gold night and day to finish the rings for the queen. Lei/lei/Lei lavorà ² Marco lavorà ² da operaio per un anno intero. Marco worked as a laborer for a full year. Noi lavorammo Lavorammo a tempo pieno fino alla crisi finanziaria. We worked full time until the financial crisis. Voi lavoraste Nel 1944 non lavoraste in banca perchà © c'era la guerra. In 1944 you didn't work at the bank because of the war. Loro/Loro lavorarono Quell'anno lavorarono al cantiere tutti i giorni fino all'alba per finire di costruire la nave. That year in the shipyard they worked till dawn every day to finish building the ship. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Past Perfect Indicative The trapassato prossimo expresses an action in the past preceding the passato prossimo. It is formed with the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avevo lavorato Avevo lavorato a quell'articolo assiduamente, ma non gli piacque. I had worked on that article intensely, but he didn't like it. Tu avevi lavorato Quando arrivà ² la Giovanna eri stanchissimo perchà © avevi lavorato l'oro tutta la notte. When Giovanna arrived you were very tired because you had worked on the gold/with the gold all night. Lui/lei/Lei aveva lavorato Marco aveva lavorato da operaio per molti anni, poi aveva cambiato lavoro. Marco had worked as a laborer for many years, then he had changed jobs. Noi avevamo lavorato Avevamo lavorato a tempo pieno per un anno prima che ci licenziassero. We had worked full time for a year before they fired us. Voi avevate lavorato Avevate lavorato in banca per molto tempo? Had you worked at the bank for long? Loro/Loro avevano lavorato Quando lo chiusero, gli operai avevano lavorato al cantiere tutta la vita. When they closed it, the workers had worked at the shipyard their whole lives. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Preterite Perfect Indicative The trapassato remoto, a literary or storytelling tense, is made of the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the past participle, and used in constructions with the passato remoto. Io ebbi lavorato Dopo che ebbi lavorato all'articolo tutto il giorno lo persi. After I had worked on the article all day, I lost it. Tu avesti lavorato Appena che avesti lavorato l'ultimo dell'oro smettesti. As soon as you had worked the last of the gold, you quit. Lui/lei/Lei ebbe lavorato Dopo che Marco ebbe lavorato da operaio per trent'anni, lo licenziarono. After Marco had worked as a laborer for 30 years, they fired him. Noi avemmo lavorato Appena avemmo lavorato a tempo pieno per trent'anni, andammo in pensione. As soon as we had worked full time for 30 years, we retired. Voi aveste lavorato Dopo che aveste lavorato in banca andaste in pensione. After you had worked at the bank, you retired. Loro/Loro ebbero lavorato Dopo che ebbero lavorato al cantiere fino all'alba andarono a dormire. After they had worked at the shipyard till dawn they were to sleep. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Simple Future Indicative A regular futuro semplice. Io lavorerà ² Se lavorerà ² a questo articolo tutta la notte lo finirà ². If I work on the article all night I will finish it. Tu lavorerai Se lavorerai loro tutta la vita sarai ricco. If you work/work with gold your whole life you will be rich. Lui/lei/Lei lavorerà   Marco lavorerà   da operaio tutta la vita perchà © non ha voglia di cercare un altro lavoro. Marco will work as a laborer his whole life because he doesn't feel like looking for another job. Noi lavoreremo Lavoreremo a tempo pieno finchà © c'à ¨ lavoro. We will work full time until there is work. Voi lavorerete Voi lavorerete in banca tutta la vita perchà © siete noiosi. You will work at the bank your whole life because you are boring. Loro lavoreranno Gli operai al cantiere lavoreranno finchà © non finiscono la nave. The laborers of the shipyard will work until they finish the ship. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Future Perfect Indicative The futuro anteriore is made of the future of the auxiliary and the past participle. It expresses an action that will happen in the future after something else happens. Io avrà ² lavorato Quando avrà ² lavorato a questo articolo tre ore, smetterà ². When I will have worked on this article for three hours I will quit. Tu avrai lavorato Quest'anno avrai lavorato l'oro per otto anni. This year you will have worked/worked with gold for eight years. Lui/lei/Lei avrà   lavorato Dopo che Marco avrà   lavorato tutta la vita da operaio sarà   ancora povero. After Marco will have worked as a laborer his whole life, he will still be poor. Noi avremo lavorato Quando avremo lavorato a tempo pieno per dieci anni andremo in pensione. When we will have worked full time for 10 years we will retire. Voi avrete lavorato Dopo che avrete lavorato in banca qui per una settimana conoscerete tutto il paese. After you will have worked at the bank here for a week you will know the whole town. Loro/Loro avranno lavorato Quando avranno lavorato fino all'alba andranno a letto. After they will have worked till dawn, they will go to bed. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo presente. Che io lavori Sebbene lavori a questo articolo da giorni, ancora non ho finito. Though I have been working on this article for days, I am still not finished. Che tu lavori Sebbene tu lavori l'oro da poco tempo, sei diventato bravissimo. Though you have been working/working with gold only a short time, you have become very good at it. Che lui/lei/Lei lavori Credo che Marco lavori da operaio da sette anni. I think Marco has been working as a laborer for seven years. Che noi lavoriamo Voglio che lavoriamo a tempo pieno. I want us to work full time. Che voi lavoriate I vostri genitori vogliono che lavoriate in banca, vero? Your parents want you to work at the bank, right? Che loro/Loro lavorino Temo che gli operai lavorino nel cantiere fino all'alba. I fear that the workers at the shipyard will work till dawn. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo passato is made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io abbia lavorato Credo che abbia lavorato a questo articolo per tre giorni. I think I worked on this article for three days. Che tu abbia lavorato Nonostante tu abbia lavorato l'oro per molti anni, ancora non mi hai fatto nessun gioiello! Though you have worked with gold for many years, you have never made me a piece of jewelry! Che lui/lei/Lui abbia lavorato Sebbene Marco abbia lavorato da operaio per molti anni, non si à ¨ mai fatto male sul lavoro. Though Marco has worked as a laborer for many years, he has never injured himself at work. Che noi abbiamo lavorato Credo di ricordare che abbiamo lavorato a tempo pieno per diciotto anni. I believe I remember that we worked full time for 18 years. Che voi abbiate lavorato Penso che abbiate lavorato in banca troppo a lungo. I think you worked at the bank too long. Che loro/Loro abbiano lavorato Temo che gli operai al cantiere abbiano lavorato fino all'alba. I fear that the workers at the shipyard worked till dawn. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo imperfetto. Che io lavorassi L'editore voleva che lavorassi all'articolo tutta la notte. The editor wanted me to work on the article all night. Che tu lavorassi Speravo che tu lavorassi l'oro ancora perchà © volevo comprare un bracciale per mia mamma. I hoped that you still worked/worked with gold because I wanted to buy a bracelet for my mom. Che lui/lei/Lei lavorasse Nonostante lavorasse ancora da operaio, Marco era molto felice. Stanco ma felice. Though he still worked as a laborer, Marco was very happy; tired but happy. Che noi lavorassimo Speravo che non lavorassimo pià ¹ a tempo pieno. I hoped that we would not work full time anymore. Che voi lavoraste Credevo che non lavoraste pià ¹ in banca. I thought you didn't work at the bank anymore. Che loro lavorassero Il padrone voleva che gli operai lavorassero al cantiere fino all'alba. The owner wanted the laborers to work at the shipyard till dawn. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo trapassato is made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io avessi lavorato L'editore pensava che avessi lavorato all'articolo tutta la notte. The editor thought I had worked on the article all night. Che tu avessi lavorato Nonostante tu avessi lavorato l'oro tutta la vita non eri mai riuscito a fare un gioiello che consideravi perfetto. Though you had worked/worked with gold all your life, you were never able to make a jewel you thought was perfect. Che lui/lei/Lei avesse lavorato Pensavo che Marco avesse lavorato da operaio tutta la vita. I thought that Marco had worked as a laborer all his life. Che noi avessimo lavorato La mamma pensava che tutti questi anni avessimo lavorato a tempo pieno. Mom thought that all these years we had worked full time. Che voi aveste lavorato Credevo che aveste lavorato in banca da molti anni. I thought that you had worked at the bank for many years. Che loro avessero lavorato Era improbabile che gli operai avessero lavorato al cantiere fino all'alba. It was unlikely that the workers at the shipyard had worked till dawn. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional A regular presente condizionale. Io lavorerei Lavorerei all'articolo anche di notte se avessi l'energia. I would work on the article even at night if I had the energy. Tu lavoreresti Tu lavoreresti l'oro anche nel sonno. You would work/work with gold in your sleep. Lui/lei/Lei lavorerebbe Marco non lavorerebbe da operaio se trovasse altro lavoro. Marco would not work as a laborer if he could find other work. Noi lavoreremmo Noi lavoreremmo a tempo pieno se ci fosse il lavoro. We would work full time if there were work available. Voi lavorereste Voi lavorereste in banca se trovaste altro lavoro? Would you work at the bank if you could find other work? Loro/Loro lavorerebbero Se fosse per loro, gli operai non lavorerebbero fino all'alba. If it were up to them, the workers would not work till dawn. Condizionale Passato: Past Conditional The condizionale passato, made of the present conditional of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io avrei lavorato Avrei lavorato all'articolo tutta la notte se avessi avuto l'energia. I would have worked on the article all night if I had had the energy. Tu avresti lavorato Tu avresti lavorato l'oro anche nel sonno se ti fosse stato possibile. You would have worked/worked with gold during your sleep if you had been able to. Lui/lei/Lei avrebbe lavorato Marco non avrebbe lavorato da operaio se avesse avuto scelta. Marco would not have worked as a laborer had he had a choice. Noi avremmo lavorato Noi avremmo lavorato a tempo pieno se ce lo avessero permesso. We would have worked full time if they had allowed us to. Voi avreste lavorato Voi non avreste lavorato in banca se aveste avuto un'altra opportunità  . You would not have worked at the bank if you had had another opportunity. Loro avrebbero lavorato Gli operai al cantiere non avrebbero lavorato fino all'alba se avessero potuto evitarlo. The workers at the shipyard would not have worked till dawn had they been able to avoid it. Imperativo: Imperative A regular imperativo. Tu lavora Lavora, pigro! Work, you slacker! Noi lavoriamo Dai, lavoriamo un po'. C'mon, let's work a little. Voi lavorate Lavorate, pigroni! Work, you slackers! Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive Remember, the infinito often functions as a noun. Lavorare 1. Lavorare nobilita l'uomo. 2. Gli impiegati riprendono a lavorare domani. 1. Work ennobles man. 2. The employees return to work tomorrow. Aver lavorato Aver lavorato con te tutta la vita à ¨ stato un onore. Working with you my whole life has been an honor. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle Remember that, in addition to its strictly auxiliary function, the participio passato serves as an adjective and as a noun. The present participle, lavorante, is rather archaic, replaced by lavoratore. Lavorante I lavoranti erano chiusi nella fabbrica. The workers were closed in the plant. Lavorato 1. Questo maglione à ¨ lavorato a mano. 2. Quella terra à ¨ lavorata di recente. 3. I lavorati vengono portati nei negozi. 1. This sweater is made by hand. 2. That soil was plowed recently. 3. The products are taken to the stores. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund The gerund  is regular. Lavorando Lavorando, l'uomo canticchiava tra sà © e sà ©. Working, the man sang softly to himself. Avendo lavorato Avendo lavorato tutta la vita, Carlo fu felice di andare in pensione. Having worked all his life, Carlo was happy to retire.

Who Invented the Telescope

Of all the inventions used in astronomy, the telescope is the most important instrument for astronomers. Whether they use it atop a mountain in a huge observatory, or in orbit, or from a backyard observing spot, skygazers are benefitting from a great idea. So, who invented this incredible cosmic time machine? It seems like a simple idea: put lenses together to gather up light or magnify dim and distant objects. It turns out telescopes date back to the late 16th or early 17th century, and the idea floated around for a while before telescopes came into widespread use. Did Galileo Invent the Telescope? A lot of people think Galileo came up with the telescope. Its well known that he built his own, and paintings often show him looking through the sky at his own instrument. He also wrote extensively about astronomy and observations. But, it turns out he was not the telescopes inventor. He was more of an early adopter. Yet, that very usage of it prompted people to assume he invented it. Its far more likely he heard of it and thats what started him building his own. For one thing, theres a lot of evidence that spyglasses were in use by sailors, which had to come from somewhere else. By 1609, he was ready for the next step: pointing one at the sky. Thats the year he began using telescopes to observe the heavens, becoming the first astronomer to do so. His first construction magnified the view by a power of three. He quickly improved the design and ultimately achieved a 20-power magnification. With this new tool, he found mountains and craters on the moon, discovered that the Milky Way was composed of stars, and discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter. What Galileo found made him a household name. But, it also got him in a lot of hot water with the church.  For one thing, he found the moons of Jupiter. From that discovery, he deduced the planets might move around the Sun the same way those moons did around the giant planet. He also looked at Saturn and discovered its rings. His observations were welcome, but his conclusions were not. They seemed to completely contradict the rigid position held by the Church that Earth (and humans) were the center of the universe. If these other worlds were worlds in their own right, with their own moons, then their existence and motions called the Churchs teachings into question. That couldnt be allowed, so the Church punished him for his thoughts and writings. That didnt stop Galileo. He continued to observe most of his life, constructing ever-better telescopes with which to see the stars and planets.   So, its easy to see why the myth lingers that he invented the telescope, some political and some historical. However,  the real credit belongs to someone else. Who? Believe it or not, astronomy historians arent sure. Whoever did it was the first person to put lenses together in a tube to gaze at distant objects. That started a revolution in astronomy.   Just because theres not a good and clear chain of evidence pointing to the actual inventor doesnt keep people from speculating about who it was. There are some people who are credited with it, but theres no proof that any one of them was the first. However, there are some clues about the persons identity, so its worth taking a look at the candidates in this optical mystery. Was Itthe English Inventor? Many people think  that the 16th-century inventor Leonard Digges created both the reflecting and refracting telescopes. He was a well-known mathematician and surveyor as well as a great popularizer of science. His son, the famous English astronomer, Thomas Digges, posthumously published one of his fathers manuscripts, Pantometria and wrote of the telescopes used by his father. However, those arent proof that he actually did the inventing. If he did, then some political problems may have prevented Leonard from capitalizing on his invention and getting the credit for having thought of it in the first place.  If he wasnt the father of the telescope, then the mystery deepens. Or, Was Itthe Dutch Optician? In 1608, Dutch eyeglass maker, Hans Lippershey offered a new device to the government for military use. It used two glass lenses in a tube to magnify distant objects. He certainly seems to be a leading candidate for inventor of the telescope. However, Lippershey might not have been the first to think of the idea. At  least two other Dutch opticians were also working on the same concept at the time. Still, Lippershey has been credited with the telescopes invention because he, at least, applied for the patent for it first.  And, there the mystery remains, and will likely stay that way unless and until some new proof shows up that someone else put the first lenses into a tube and created the telescope. Revised and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Questions in this section Free Essays

You will have a choice of two questions in this section: Part A is the starter question, for which you are awarded a maximum of three marks. You need to explain the term, then in order to get full marks you will need to give an example: The only terms you will be asked about are the following: science, scientific benefits, ethical costs, genetic Influences, environmental Influences, cultural bias, gender bias, free will and determinism. In the second part – Part B you will be asked to either – describe, discuss or evaluate one of the following , for which there is a maximum of 22 marks – psychology as a science the balance of scientific benefits measured against ethical costs in psychology the balance of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior issues of cultural bias issues of gender bias the question of free will and determinism In respect of human behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions in this section or any similar topic only for you Order Now The essay needs to be In the form of an argument- a dialogue between opposing views. To get full marks your argument needs to be presented in a structured manner, clearly interpreted and analyses, you need to have range and depth of evidence, reasoned conclusion, use appropriate terms throughout. Up to 15 marks will be awarded for this (AAA). When providing evidence, the mark scheme says that these do not need to be provided in equal measure. This means that you can equal and depth range of evidence or, you can give a very wide range, but not so much depth, or discuss a couple of pieces of research in depth, but thereby not showing quite as much range.. Challenge with the view that at least some ‘levels’ of psychology are scientific, but conclude with the argument that not all psychologists think science with its monotheistic approach is an appropriate for psychology and this leads to the use of therapies which reflect this dual approach. Chemotherapy, for example, which might be thought of as the more scientific response to abnormal behavior has been shown at times to be less successful than CAB, a more person-centered and impotence of the therapist as well as the service-user’s perceptions of their competence. Psychology eclectic use of several approaches and a range of methodologies lead to the conclusion that it is in part scientific, but employs subjective strategies to explore behavior when deemed more appropriate. This has been acknowledged within the British Psychological Society with its recently founded qualitative methodological group. Use the following research to support your answer: Psychology as a Science Arguments against Psychology as a Science One of the arguments against psychology as a science is that it lacks objectivity and intro. Issues of experimenter bias and demand characteristics can compromise objectivity and validity However, disconcerting research by John et al (2012) has also found evidence to suggest that, in some instances, the research process is manipulated to suit the researcher (rather than to reveal any objective fact) further undermines Psychology status as a science. Ironically however, Psychology claim to be a science means that results which are deliberately manipulated or distorted by the researcher (through one or more of a variety of questionable research raciest) are given greater credence than they deserve because they are ‘scientific’. Trading on Psychology scientific status, the assumption is that the adulterated results are accurate and objective representations of reality. John et al (2012)g’s work involved carrying out an anonymous electronic survey about the use often questionable research practices. These included things such as the researcher failing to a report all dependent variables, collecting additional data after checking for significance, selectively reporting studies that Worked’ (I. E. Significant findings) and falsifying data. The researchers also asked participants to make estimates of the proportion of other psychologists who engaged in those practices, and the proportion likely to admit to carrying out those practices in the survey. They incorporated into their work an incentive to encourage participants to tell the truth. Some respondents were told that a larger charity donation would be made by the researchers if they answered honestly) and this did lead to a higher rate of admission amongst those given the incentive. The results were astonishing and raise important questions concerning the use of scientific method in Psychology. One in ten psychologists admitted falsifying data; the majority to selectively reporting studies (67%), not reporting all dependent variables ( 74% ); collecting data after checking for significance (71 reporting unexpected findings as expected (54%) and excluding post data post-hoc (58%). A considerable number (35%) admitted that they had doubts about the integrity of their research, with differences being found amongst disciplines within Psychology. How to cite Questions in this section, Papers

Revolution Roulette free essay sample

Its big, its huge, its a new album by the Finnish rock band Poets of the Fall. Let me get this straight people this album is yet another master piece by the band. Revolution Roulette is the name of this so totally cool album and man is it a carrier revolution for POTF or what? This album was released in Finland on 28 March 2008 and worldwide on 12 April 2008. Lead singer, Mark Saaresto, expects this to be a great success and the matter of fact is that he is right. The total length of the album is 51 minutes and 6 seconds. There are total 11 songs in this album and the only song with the album out is The ultimate fling released in 6 February 2008. The 6 minute 55 second track is second on the album and you can find the video out on POTFs official myspace. Presently POTF are touring in Switzerland ready to hit it for their new album. We will write a custom essay sample on Revolution Roulette or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Tarzan of the Apes Essay Example For Students

Tarzan of the Apes Essay When I was reading the story, Tarzan of the Apes, I realized that throughout the whole story he describes the characters very narrative. He describes specifically the characters feelings, movements and characteristics.On the following, I will write about how the author describes the characters to us readers and how it makes this story feel more realistic than what it is. The story, Tarzan of the Apes, is a very descriptive story in which the writer describes the setting very well as if the reader was there. It expresses himself so good that makes everything so realistic. An example of this is when Jane and Tarzan are in each others arm. The author describes on how Jane felt having a man with muscles who was brave and good looking. It shows how visual this setting was. When I read this I felt like if I was sitting in the jungle watching them. I think this what this writer is trying for us to do. He wants for us to use visual imagery and imagine us as if we were there at this instance. This story shows how love grows between these two human beings and how different they both are coming from two different places who change them completely of who they are. I believe this author is a great writer who likes for readers to use their imagination towards reading such as showing Tarzan becoming this a hero for Jane. Bibliography: We will write a custom essay on Tarzan of the Apes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

New Enland vs. The Chesapeake Region essays

New Enland vs. The Chesapeake Region essays The New World was a place of interest in the beginning of the 1600s, with families, single men, women all settling in either the Chesapeake region or New England. From the start, the New England and Chesapeake colonies differed, however by the 1700s the colonies two distinctly different societies formed. All the people had the same mother country; however, the purposes for their exodus to the New World were unrelated. Families in New England settled for religious freedom and men in the south seeking for riches and gold. In 1606 the men who petitioned the king to settle in the New World were divided into two companies; The Virginia Company of Plymouth and the Virginia Company of London. The Plymouth Company only lasted one winter but the Virginia Company was able to establish the first successful settlement, Jamestown. The Jamestown community lacked leadership and no government. John Smith quickly took the colony over and kept the settlers from starving. The companys reason for the expedition was to find gold. Smith summarized the thoughts of the gold seekers in Virginia in a short excerpt. The worst [among us were the gold seekers who] with their golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompense. There was no talk...but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold... Since no gold was found, Smith was overthrown by the king. Anarchy took over the colony as people starved and forts fell. On the other hand, when the first settlement in New England was established, from before they even stepped on land, a set of rules was made called the Mayflower Compact. Even though the first colony in Plymouth failed years before, the Separatists that landed in Plymouth had good leadership and were able to overcome the harsh winters even when they had few supplies or knowledge. As in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1636, a list of rules was given to the colonists to keep in order called the Articles of A...

International oil and gas law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International oil and gas law - Essay Example This will start by explaining the types of agreement that the government can enter into when the current term with an oil development company called Noble Oil expires and the reasons why such type of agreement could be suitable. Also, following oil discovery in Amazia, the paper will discuss how the Urbania should go about oil development in that region as well as give an advice on which company the government should work with. Finally, the paper will discuss the various types and sources of finance that are available for Urbania, considering that the country does not have adequate resources to fund oil development projects. A. What type of agreement should Urbania enter into for continued development of, and production from, the Western Plateau region, when the current concession expires? Be sure to give reasons for your recommendation. There are several fundamental agreements that can be made between the government of Urbania and Nobel Oil Company including the Joint Venture Agreem ent, concession, service contract and production sharing agreement.1 The government can decide to continue with the current concession agreement if it wants to guarantee the ownership of the oil resources of the company that will be granted the license. Technically, this ownership is enjoyed in exchange for royalty, which is usually estimated at a fixed rate on the quantity of oil produced. In some situations, the company can also enjoy tax exceptions and reduced custom duties in exchange for the extraction rights. This agreement will present Nobel Oil with a long duration of agreement with the government of Urbania, and it will be difficult for the government to include a ‘lock in’ clause such that it will be hard for any party to pull out for whichever reason. Nevertheless, this type of agreement comes with some disadvantages. For instance, a concession is a long-term agreement, which is usually faced with problems related to adjustment of financial commitments as a r esult of unexpected circumstances. 2 It will also be a disadvantage on the side of the licensed company because it will be required to pay higher amount of pre-oil discovery fee, and following the discovery of oil, the company is likely to pay very high amounts of royalties as well as income tax. The current rate of royalty is 16%, which will somewhat generate a substantial amount of revenue and hence a good reason for the government to retain concession when the current one expires. The concession contains relinquishment clauses, which could compel the Oil Company to either to discover commercial reserves; or following the discovery of commercial reserves within a certain period of time, relinquish usable portions of the concession back to Urbania government. The concession has an express work obligation of a limited period of time within which the Oil Company is expected to commence oil exploration and on discovery of commercial reserves, the company would be expected to develop o il in accordance with good oilfield practice. This means that the government will have some powers to control the activities of the oil company in a manner that ensures the company is following oil industry practices. The joint venture agreement is another option that Urbania government can put into considerations after the current

Environmental Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Politics - Essay Example ltinational companies, carbon trading and offset organizations, and global cities that have entered this policy arena and have developed their own initiatives and approaches to addressing this [global warming] issue† (Schroeder 2009). Thus, the preventive measures against the phenomenon under consideration are being developing by global community. Global warming is a widely discussed topic. There are many scientific works, which discuss the phenomenon and its consequences. Some scientists recognize the fact of global warming, while a great part considers the issue to be a myth. The change of climate on the planet is evident, but the question is if it can be called â€Å"global warming†. Thus, the theory of global warning is rather controversial. According to the web research results, the phenomenon under consideration seems rather a myth than reality and the myths about it are created by press. Mass media creates false representation of global warming. In 1990s very few experts believed in this phenomenon. Cook argues: â€Å"scientific skepticism is healthy. In fact, science by its very nature is skeptical. Genuine skepticism means considering the full body of evidence before coming to a conclusion. However, when you take a close look at arguments expressing climate ‘skepticism’, what you often observe is cherry picking of pieces of evidence while rejecting any data that don’t fit the desired picture. This isn’t skepticism. It is ignoring facts and the science† (Cook). Many countries signed Kyoto protocol in addition to Framework Convention on Climate Change, but it did not mean that the points of it were fully accepted and followed. Framework Convention on Climate Change is the agreement signed by more than 180 countries of the world including all the countries of the former USSR and all the developed countries. The document is about the common principles of the countries’ activity on the issue of climate change. The Convention was accepted in 1992 and

Structural functionalism from a post modern perspective

Structural functionalism from a post modern perspective Jay, Lara and their children would be considered as a family. It is in examining the institution like the urban family and its wide range of issues and other intricate social arrangements where sociologists do most of their theorising. In sociology there are three broad areas of sociological study structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism and conflict theories (including feminism and postmodernism) but for the purpose of this paper structural functionalism will be looked at and critiqued by a post modern perspective in terms of the context of Jay and Laras family. Structural Functionists would observe the role the family provides and the purpose that they perform. In investigating the different parts of societys structure in relation to others, functionalists look at how different institutions contribute to the continuation and survival of the social system as a whole. The family operates in a society characterised by rules and these rules are ordered and reoccurring and these relationships occur throughout societies and can therefore be put under scientific rigor and testing in terms of a positivist quantitative outlook and this can be considered almost universal in application. So in simple terms the institution of the family contributes to socialisation of new members of society as this is the rule or function the family provides to society. Parsons (1951) argued the family plays a number of roles in socialisation of individuals. Two roles being key in Jay and Laras case are the socialisation of children into suitable values and norms. The other key point Parsons makes is the stabilisation of the adult personality through marriage which helps to cushion parents from the stresses and strains of day to day life. (These ideas will be discussed further later in terms of criminological theory). Jay and Lara are therefore the primary socialisers of their children. They are (perhaps unwittingly) passing along a belief that crime does pay if Jay is to continue to offend and move back into selling drugs, also that it is usual to carry a knife to protect yourself in their neighbourhood. It would also suggest that the family as a buffer to stresses and strains is perhaps one more characterised by conflict than harmony as originally suggested by Parsons. Parsons theory has very little argument as to what makes a family dysfunctional and other family pathologies or to recognise a family different from the nuclear American dream family of the 1950s era. Norms of family structure have changed overtime, and these changes in families can be thought of as the move toward a newer post-modern idea of family. For example, Weston(1991: 3) argues that Familial ties between persons of the same sex that may be erotic but are not grounded in biology or procreation do not fit any tidy division of kinship into relations of blood and marriage. There is increasing variation in family types. It is not that the nuclear family has been replaced it is more so a case that individuals move in and out of different family types throughout the course of their lifetime. Coontz (1992) has suggested central to these different types of families are the decline of child rearing and marriage as central defining characteristics. These define less of a persons identity and have less influence over the life course decisions and are no longer socially universal. The family is now, she suggests, characterised by greater freedoms to choose your own style of life. Leading individuals in either positive or negative directions as the family now presents less constraints to those who are a part of it. Post-modernism has tried to suggest that rather than a family serving a function in society it is more characterised by multiplicity, difference, particularity, locality, temporality, and the scattered and shifting character of contemporary social processes (Outhwaite 2002). This can account for Jays change in behaviour from a family centric one with the success of the job, which could be argued by functionalists as a success of the family socialisation to buffer Jay from stresses and strains of his local community to one where his individuality has been expressed by losing his job, and heading out for himself with no regard for his family and the outcome of his actions would have had on them which holds to be a very post modern dilemma. (put something here about the ramifications for social work from these two perspectives.) Writers and theorists with sociology disagree to the way actions of the state interfere with the family. Mclennan et al (2000) have noticed that modern families have come under state intervention more so than other periods in time. Some policy outcomes, such as the welfare state, have been seen as something that should be a function of the family rather than a function delivered by the government. Sociologists, however, do recognise that social policy can be an area which provides social change by changing individual behaviour (Wallerstein 1989). Jay and Lara and their family are affected directly by these policies but this paper shall look at family and child policies and how they affect social work and the family unit. During the past 10 years there have been a lot of changes in government policy regarding children and families. With the introduction of every child matters (HM Treasury 2003) which outlines how this agenda will restructure current services with multidisciplinary working and better information sharing, it also details how early intervention should be concentrated on. The ideas set out in every child matters suggests that early intervention is more cost effective and early prevention is possible because of the vast knowledge about risk factors and the negative impact these can have and that parenting is vital. The report also suggests that services such as social work fail to intervene in a positive way because they lack accountability and have not been sharing information well. The states policy is therefore one of a more active interventionist role in relation to children and their development. The sure start programme being an example of this and has been directly mentioned in the Conservative party Manifesto paying for more than 4500 new sure start workers and refocusing onto early intervention once more (Conservative Party website 2010). A further focus of Policy over the past 10 years has been to look at the role of parents. Parents have been suggested as the background for changes in anti-social behaviour and social exclusion. The state has also increased its role in parenting support asking local authorities to develop a parental support strategy and employ a single commissioner of parenting support services (family and Parenting Institute 2009). Further to this the Government committed itself to getting rid of child poverty by 2020 and halving it by 2010 (Conservative Party website 2010). This is due to the evidence from studies such as the millennium cohort study which followed 16 000 children and noted a difference in child performance based on socio economic status. Parents have also been called to be more involved with their Childs education including the hard to reach (Reynolds, 2006). This message is echoed in the Childrens Plan (2007) which states, Parents support for their childs learning is an essential foundation for achievement. Parents told us they want to be more involved in their childrens education, and schools see the benefits of greater engagement with parents (Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2007a, p53). To achieve this, direct transfers to families through benefits and tax credits have increased, focusing particularly on low-income families in employment. These have been accompanied by measures aiming to raise the employment rate among parents. Lone parents have been singled out as a target group for welfare reform, alongside measures to improve childcare availability and affordability. There has also been a major expansion in maternity leave provision, along with the introduction of the right for parents to request flexible working, in an attempt to make it easier for parents to balance work and family responsibilities. The final section of this report focuses on shifting family forms and family relationships, and the states role in helping couples to stay together and to parent their children after separation. Many challenges still remain in family policy, such as: integrating adult and childrens services to meet families needs; ensuring families have access to both good universal services and specialist ones; achieving child poverty targets; and creating real choice for parents in how they balance paid work and family responsibilities. The changes of the past 10 years have taken place against a background of national economic prosperity. The current recession is imposing new challenges on both families and public services, and even if the recovery is quick, the context for the next decade will be one of high public debt. It can be seen that the current conservative government hold that the family function is on that needs to be upheld. The previous labour government taking a more liberal (postmodern) view and less moral overtone to the ideas of family as can be seen with the policies introduced pre conservative government such as a focus on tax breaks and increasing resources being moved to low income families regardless of their married or unmarried status. With the new administration it may be argued that a more functional view of the family situation will be adopted where the ideal of the nuclear family as suggested by Parsons (1951) will be supported. The role of the social work will be therefore to protect these family institutions. Interestingly in light of the recent review of child protection after the Baby p case Henricson (2007) pointed out there was too much focus on structures and procedures and less emphasis on well trained social workers and other professionals with appropriate caseload s. Allowing them to fully understand the family situation and use their professional judgement in a more appropriate way. In reality practice is however fraught with resource limitations and need to provide help to those already in crisis rather than early intervention. In Building Britains Future the Prime minister promises a move from a system based primarily on targets and central direction to one where individuals have enforceable entitlements over the service they receive (Prime minister 2009, p18). This could have a great impact on Social Work services and service provision

Create an Innovation

Innovation Is the process of translating an Idea or invention Into a good or service that creates value or for which customers will pay (www. Observationally. Com, 2014). † In this paper, the identification of an innovation, and plan for implementing the innovation, in the current workplace that I am working for, will be described in full detail. The innovative product that will be Introduced to the workplace Is called the â€Å"Freedom walker. How many Individuals get tired of slating down all day at a desk?Another complaint that is heard, quite often within the organizations is, â€Å"l am overweight and I do not have the time to make it to the gym. † Well, now here is the perfect solution. Freedom Walker will give Individuals the opportunity to either, remain seated at the desk while working or they can chose to get up and begin to exercise at the pace they feel most comfortable. The high-quality product will be made to last and it will give employees the freedom of exercising while working (Treadles, 2014). Freedom Walker Is going to solely be Intended to run in slow speeds.One of the great things about this product is that unlike regular treadmills. He Freedom Walker will not overheat (Treadles. 2014). For which, giving individuals an unlimited amount of time to be on the treadmill while working. The control panel can be placed on top of each employee's desk. And will have a 10-inch cord connected to the panel and the Freedom Walker. On the control panel, employees will be able to see how long they have been walking. The employee will also be able to keep track of the amount of calories that are being loss with the freedom walker.The Freedom Walker will also have an attached Emergency cord that all individuals who use this product must wear while in action. The Emergency cord Is In case of any emergency, the employee will be able to shut the machine off The Freedom Walker also comes with a strong rubber mat that should be placed on top of th e tread, to reduce the sound and avoid distraction (Treadles, 2014). The speed of this product will not go above 4. 0 MPH (Treadles, 2014). The reason that the machine will not go above the speed of 4. Is to avoid distractions on the phone with customers, such as loss of breath or Incorrect grammar spelling on the computer because of not being able to concentrate. For safety of each employee, the aching is limited to 4. 0 MPH. The Freedom Walker will not have much assembly required. The control panel is connected to the treadmill, Just simply connect the ‘OFF The design will begin with the CEO and upper management, and then will of course go down the list for each individual within the organization.It is a proven fact that the obesity rate within the United States has more than doubled in adults and children since sass's (Food Research and Action Center, 2014). The leading public health problem within the United States is obesity (Food Research and Action Center, 2014). Withou t any discrimination, the majority of the employees within the organization that this innovative idea will be implemented in, are overweight. Below is the chart from the Food Research and Action Report that shows the percentages of each ethnicity and at what percentage they are overweight.How can it be possible that a Health insurance company is selling insurance, but have the employees unhealthy and overweight? There is going to be a weekly goal that each individual will write-out for himself or herself when using the Freedom Walker. The organization will have to see some type of improvement in all employees. If, there is no improvement seen thin several weeks, then disciplinary action will be enforced. Once there is improvement noticed, that is when the organization will begin to offer incentives. The incentive that will be granted is that the company will pay for half, of each individuals health insurance premium.This could definitely guarantee success, especially now and days th at health insurance premiums are so expensive. The impact that this innovative process will have within the organization is going to be drastic. This will not only help the employees but will also help the customers as well. The innovation process, will allow employees to take stand about prolonged sitting. Researcher suggest that prolonged sitting is bad for one's health (Neoprene, 2013). There have been scientists that compare prolonged sitting to smoking (Neoprene, 2013).The Freedom Walker should help every individual begin to feel fit and begin to have a more positive attitude (Neoprene, 2013). This change in attitude and in oneself, innovation process is going to be an incremental innovation. As stated above the process will begin with the CEO and upper management. Once the change is seen in hose areas, then the process will begin to trickle down the totem pole as it has been heard. So, as the article states by the incremental innovation web page, â€Å"Slow and Steady Wins th e Race (Innovation Management Community for Practitioners, 2014). Incremental change is not about making a change happen instantly (Innovation Management Community for Practitioners, 2014). â€Å"The reason incremental innovation is so popular, is because it has reduced risk in comparison to radical innovation (Innovation Management Community for Practitioners, 2014). † Furthermore, once a equines has a manufactured good up and running it tends to have built up substantial amount of human capital and competencies so the business may as well dedicate time to creating it better or reducing costs (Innovation Management Community for Practitioners, 2014).Four Stages of the Research Cycle There will be seven steps to the innovation process and they are 1 . Thinking, 2. Portfolio Management and Metrics, 3. Research 4. Insight, 5. Innovation Development, 6. Marketing Development, 7. Selling (Morris, 2013). The way that the innovation will be measured will be â€Å"R&D Impact = Gros s Margin / R&D Spend – This is an â€Å"old† Bill Hewlett and David Packard metric they used to guarantee suitable return for the R&D effort being invested (McKinney, 2010). † â€Å"Why gross margin, one would ask? McKinney, 2010)† â€Å"The assumption is that if you assemble a better mouse trap, the customer will reward you with a margin premium which will show up in gross margin (McKinney, 2010). † â€Å"Target: Assess your competitors and you want to be in top quartile (McKinney, 2010). † Innovation takes time and dedication. In order for a company to be successful in the implementation of an innovation there needs to be, a lot of research and date corded. An innovative idea cannot Just be something that someone brings up and it happens.There has to be comparisons to other products and reports showing the business/organization why that innovative idea would be better than any other idea. The Freedom Walker would be a great innovative idea because it would help save the lives of many people who may be struggle with health issues due to weight problems. I believe that not only should the company that I am currently working for, use the innovative idea, but that all companies that have customer service representatives. Customer Services Representatives are mandated to sit at their desk for 8-10 hours a day without being allowed to move from the chair.Production and quality is something that is counted against the individuals who do move from his/ her chair, which then causes disciplinary action. This is an act that is inhumane and I believe that something should be done about it. So, everyone that has a business with CARS and Data Reps. Let try Freedom Walker and lets see how great of an impact it will have on not only the company but on the employees as well. References childhood and adult obesity in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 8(31 1), 806-814. Food Research and Action Center. 2014) . Overweight and Obesity in the U. S.. Retrieved from afar. Org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/ obesity-in-the-us/ Innovation Management Community for Practitioners. (2014). Incremental Innovation. Retrieved from http://www. Unconventionality's. Com/ incremental-innovation/incremental-innovation-vs.-radical-innovation McKinney, P. (2010). Can you measure the impact for innovation. Retrieved from philharmonic. Com. Archives/2010/02/can-you-measure-the-impact-from- innovation. HTML Morris, L. (2013). How to Innovate: The Innovation Process.Retrieved from http://www. Environmentalists. SE. /2013/08/08/how-t()-innovate-the- innovation-process Neoprene, L. (2013). Stand Up for Better Health? Maybe Not. Better-health-maybe-not/ Reynolds, G. (2011). Rethinking the Exercise â€Å"Talk Test†. Retrieved from well. Blobs. Anytime. Com/2011109/21 [rethinking-the-exercise-talk-test/? _pH=true=blogs=o Treadles. (2014). Retrieved from http:// www. Treadles. Com/products/ www. Objectificatio ns. Com. (2014). Innovation. Retrieved from http://www. Objectifications. Com/definition/innovation. HTML

Cultural Diversity in the Media Essay

The term drugs refer to anything, which is not prepared by organisms and is generally considered that drugs are not part of food we eat. Although drugs also refer to Medical ailments (pills, syrups, capsules etc) but here we are discussing recreational drugs which are: LSD, Shrooms, Alcohol, Caffeine, Catnip, Salvia, Cocaine, Crack, DXM, Ecstasy, Ephedrine, Heroin, Inhalants, GHB, Tobacco, Cannabis, Methamphetamine, Milk (artificially prepared), Peyote, Nutmeg, Oxycontin, Ketamine, Whiteboard Markers and so on. Drugs have its uses and abuses. But mostly, its uses are almost negligible when one starts introspection of the conditions of society caused by the abuses of Drugs. Societies are damaging because of evils of the alarming increase in the intake of drugs all over the world, which is followed by the increase in crime and decrease in national income. It has been surveyed that people portray abnormal, illegal and ruthless behaviors after intake of drugs. Alcohols being widely available in societies of west provide easy hand in the provision of drugs. In America alone, every third child is said to be tainted by the drugs. All teens see some type of drug use or abuse in school or in the media. â€Å"The nineteenth-century explosion of drug use had gotten out of hand. Wiliam Halsted invented nerve-block anesthesia with cocaine (1885) but developed such a craving for the drug that his friends had to put him aboard a schooner for several months so he could kick the habit. He did, but became addicted to morphine from the ship’s supplies. It was long a closely guarded secret at Johns Hopkins University that one of the institution’s founders was a junkie. Halsted’s student, James Leonard Corning, invented spinal anesthesia with cocaine. Every family has a vicious drunkard dad or uncle on the loose; mournful mamas swigged patent medicines by the gallon; kids raised on heroin cough syrup graduated to coca-filled soft drinks. † Increasing display of drugs as element of â€Å"Being cool†, â€Å"Easy money†, â€Å"Failure in love†, â€Å"Family problems†, â€Å"Peer Pressures† and â€Å"Complexes†, in movies is grasping the attraction of teens and young adults. â€Å"An estimated 66. 5 million Americans 12 years or older reported current use of a tobacco product in 2001. This number represents 29. 5 percent of the population. Youth cigarette use in 2001 was slightly below the rate for 2000, continuing a downward trend since 1999. † Rates of youth cigarette use were 14. 9 percent in 1999, 13. 4 percent in 2000, and 13. 0 percent in 2001. The annual number of new daily smokers age 12 to 17 decreased from 1. 1 million in 1997 to 747,000 in 2000. This translates into a reduction from 3,000 to 2,000 in the number of new youth smokers per day. † Some of the most important movies to display drugs as an inspiration for live life, business and culture are given with their detail account of criticism and background. 1. The Blow The Blow was released in 2001 was based on a true story. The story of George Jung, the man who established the American cocaine market in the 1970’s. It was directed by Ted Demme. The screenplay is by Nick Cassavetes and David McKenna. It is story of young man of middle class family struggling for a better place in society, which unfortunately do not turn out be very fruitful for the fate of the family. George then moved to California, where he starts his own business in which he finds both success and imprisonment. In prison, he meets a cellmate who introduces him into a partnership to the lucrative new market in cocaine. When George Jung released from jail he quickly becomes instrumental in establishing the exploding US market for cocaine in which he claimed that he handled about 85% of the supply in the 1970’s. Although it was a movie that could be presented as a masterpiece for the awareness of the society, the movie missed its attempt. The death of the hero was tragic but his appearance in the movie appealed the young generation to a great extent. â€Å"Blow outlines the lifestyle of a mega-rich smuggler — the border crossings, the ruthless negotiations, the sudden betrayals, the wild characters, the run-ins with the justice system, the inherent problems in dealing with massive amounts of cash, the temptations — and, ultimately, the tragedy of blowing all of your dreams for greed. † 2. Trainspotting This Academy Award nominated movies was produced in 1996. Denny boyle directed it. This movie was based on a novel â€Å"Trainspotting† by Irvine Welsh. The screenplay was adapted from Welsh’s novel by John Hodge. This movie begins with the narration by Renton, who is a rent boy, he tell others that they should choose to live traditional family life. After his narration he tells that his train of thoughts ends with â€Å"who needs reason when you’ve got heroin? † all of his friend were addicted to drugs. The movie rotates all about dirty drugs business and its dealings. The movies most critical part is when Renton leaves drug addiction he feels no purpose of life. He then also deals in selling the heroin. Later Renton realizes that his friends are no his friends at all and leave them for a better life. â€Å"Its release sparked controversy in some countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, as to whether it promoted drug use or not. U. S. Senator, Bob Dole, decried its moral depravity and glorification of drug use during the 1996 U. S. presidential campaign, although he admitted that he had not actually seen the film. † 3. The basket ball diaries This movie was produced in 1995 and was directed by Scott Kalvert. It was written by Brian Goluboff. The movie is an autobiographical account of poet and rock musician Jim Carroll. The running time of movie was 105 minutes. As a member of an outwardly invincible high school basketball squad, Jim’s life centers around the basketball court and the court becomes an allegory for the world in his mind. It was biggest dream of Jim to become Star of basketball. He was Catholic high school student but later become drug addict due to bad company. Jim and his friends roam the streets of New York City as trivial thieves and revolts. Soon school expelled the Jim for he took drugs before game. Later Jim faces more trouble when his family throws him. This movie is a critical for most of its scene describing, â€Å"A youth (a mere school boy of age 13) is enjoying the drugs† and hence portrayed that it is not very offensive of a young boy or girl to take drugs in that age specially. â€Å"This movie contained incredibly dark and vulgar guided imagery which could quite possibly lead the impressionable into moral and value modification, poor coping skills, and dangerous decision-making. † 4. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas The movie Fear and Loating in Las Vegas was released on May 22, 1998. It was directed by Terry Gilliam. This film was based on Hunter S. Thompson’s 1971 novel Fear and Loathing In Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. Journalist Raoul Duke and attorney Dr. Gonzo travel from Los Angeles, California to Las Vegas, Nevada in 1971 to cover a motorcycle race for a sports magazine and enjoy a haphazardly planned vacation. Fueled by the massive amount of drugs they purchased with an advance from a magazine to cover a sporting event in Vegas; they set out in the Red Shark. Wreak havoc upon the citizens of Las Vegas. Encountering police, reporters, gamblers, racers, and hitchhikers; they search for some indefinable thing know only as the â€Å"American Dream† and find fear, loathing and hilarious adventures into the dementia of the modern American West. The movie is filled with violence and drugs series. It effected the audience to en extent that even an incident got attached to it. During shooting Gilliam was approached by a group of young men, one of which complimented him on the film in general, but said that his favorite scene was the andrenichrome scene. He said that he had used the drug and that Gilliam had captured the effects perfectly. Gilliam didn’t have the heart to tell the kid that it was made up, and went along with his story. 5. Dazed and confused Dazed and confused is a 1993 American film written and directed by Richard Linklater. The movie tells the stories of the last day of school in May 1976 in a Texas suburb. As the movie begins, the last day of school at a high school is beginning. The last day at Robert E. Lee High School proceeds with regular classes but the soon-to-be-senior class (Class of 1977) is more interested in getting ready for the annual hazing of the incoming freshman class, which will take place after school. The hazing is depicted as a ritualized event that has the support of the town, in the movie. Randall Pink Floyd was a football player who moves with simplistic grace among groups of greasers, nerds, stoners, and athletes alike. The coaches introduced a new policy for the upcoming 1976-77 school year in which athletes have to sign a written pledge that they will not use alcohol or illegal drugs. Pink refuses to sign the pledge sheet. The coach berates Randall Floyd for hanging out with â€Å"that other crowd† (referring to his stoner friends) and Floyd takes offense to it. â€Å"The movie conspicuously shows the much more relaxed attitudes toward both teenage alcohol consumption and driving with open beer containers at the time; Kramer can easily buy beer as the lawful Texas drinking age at the time was 18 and even that was lightly enforced. † References 1. http://www. thc-ministry. net/history-of-drugs. html 2. http://www. getsomeblow. com/index2. html 3. http://parentingteens. about. com/cs/drugsofabuse/a/druguse10_2. htm 4. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Trainspotting_(film) 5. ChildCare Action Project: Christian Analysis of American Culture (CAP) by Thomas A. Carder http://www. capalert. com/capreports/basketballdiaries/basketballdiaries. htm 6. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_%28film%29 7. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dazed_and_Confused_(film)

History Quiz - 954 Words

Question 1 0 out of 1 points 1. In which year did the United States become the world’s greatest industrial power? Selected Answer: a. 1890 Correct Answer: d. 1910 Question 2 0 out of 1 points 2. One of the leading innovators in the production and marketing of goods at the turn of the century was Selected Answer: a. Henry George. Correct Answer: b. James Duke. Question 3 1 out of 1 points 3. In 1901, J. P. Morgan handled the huge industrial merger that formed the Selected Answer: e. U.S. Steel Corporation. Correct Answer: e. U.S. Steel Corporation. Question 4 1 out of 1 points 4. The idea of†¦show more content†¦Alice Paul Correct Answer: b. Charlotte Perkins Gilman Question 23 1 out of 1 points 23. Social Darwinism argued that human history witnessed the: Selected Answer: e. struggle among the races, with the strongest triumphing. Correct Answer: e. struggle among the races, with the strongest triumphing. Question 24 1 out of 1 points 24. Henry Fords Model T revolutionized U.S. society by: Selected Answer: a. providing inexpensive, reliable transportation for working-class Americans. Correct Answer: a. providing inexpensive, reliable transportation for working-class Americans. Question 25 1 out of 1 points 25. Henry Ford intervened in his workers lives by: Selected Answer: c. hiring social workers to help employees improve their personal lives. Correct Answer: c. hiring social workers to help employees improve their personalShow MoreRelatedAmerican History Quiz645 Words   |  3 Pagesfreedom from centralized authority (Early political parties, n.d, History Teacher). References The American Journey: A History of the United States. (n.d.). Excerpted at: http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/chart.feddr.pdf Early political parties. (n.d). History Teacher. Retrieved: http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/Charts/chart-Feds_v_Dem-Reps.pdf Faragher, J., Buhle, M., Czitrom, D., Armitage, S. (2009). 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